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校园性侵问题存在报案少、取证难、司法救济困难等问题。美国高校校园裁判机制在校园性侵问题的解决过程中发挥了重要作用。通过设置专岗专员、规范校园裁判程序、制定申诉与处罚办法、实施犯罪年度统计等措施,校园裁判往往成为美国校园性侵案件的一审程序。校园裁判的设立依据、运行机制、问题与成果等对我国高校法治建设和同类问题的解决具有重要借鉴意义。
Abstract：[1] 袁翠清:《我国校园性骚扰法律规制探究——以美国相关法律为对比》,载《中国青年社会科学》2018年第6期。
[2] 赖雪梅、肖平:《美国高校本科生法治教育路径分析》,载《比较教育研究》2018年第8期。
[3] 刘驰、周滢:《校园性侵未成年人防范的多维路径》,载《青海社会科学》2018年第6期。
① David Cantor,Bonnie Fisher,Susan Chibnall,Reanna Townsend,et.al.(2015).Report on the AAU Campus Climate Survey on Sexual Assault and Sexual Misconduct.https://www.aau.edu/sites/default/files/%40%20Files/Climate%20Survey/AAU_Campus_Climate_Survey_12_14_15.pdf,2005-09-21/2018-12-22.
② Heather M.Karjane,Bonnie S.Fisher,Francis T.Cullen.Sexual Assault on Campus:What Colleges and Universities Are Doing About It.http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/205521.pdf,2005-12-05/2018-12-22.
③ Bonnie S.Fisher,Francis T.Cullen,Michael G.Turner.The Sexual Victimization of College Women.https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/182369.pdf,2000-12-23/2018-12-22.
④ Michelle J.Anderson.Campus Sexual Assault Adjudication and Resistance to Reform.Yale Law Journal,2016,125(7):1970.
⑤ Why schools handle sexual violence reports,Know Your IX.http://knowyourix.org/why-schools-handle-sexual-violence-reports,2017-02-16/2018-12-22.
⑥ Michelle J.Anderson.Campus Sexual Assault Adjudication and Resistance to Reform.Yale Law Journal,2016,125(7):1943.
(1)MODEL PENAL CODE § 213.6(4) (AM.LAW INST.1962).
(2)See Megan Gibson.A Brief History of Women's Protests:Take Back the Night.http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2088114_2087975_2087965,00.html,2011-08-12/2018-12-22.
(3)Michelle J.Anderson.Campus Sexual Assault Adjudication and Resistance to Reform.Yale Law Journal,2016,125(7):1949-1951.
(4)Alberto R.Gonzales et al.Sexual Assault on Campus:What Colleges and Universities Are Doing About It.https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/205521.pdf,2005-12-05/2018-12-22.
(5)Id.At 9.
(6)See Orchowski,L.,Meyer,D.,& Gidycz,C.College Women’s likelihood to report unwanted sexual experiences to campus agencies:Trends and Correlates.J Aggression,Maltreatment & Trauma,2009,18(8):839-858.
(7)See Michelle J.Anderson.All-American Rape.79 ST.JOHN'S L.Rev.2005:626-628.
(8)Michelle J.Anderson.Campus Sexual Assault Adjudication and Resistance to Reform.Yale Law Journal,2016,125(7):1959.
(9)The White House Office of the Press Secretary.FACT SHEET:Investments to Reduce the National Rape Kit Backlog and Combat Violence Against Women.https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2015/03/16/fact-sheet-investments-reduce-national-rape-kit-backlog-and-combat-viole,2015-03-16/2018-12-22.
(10)National Institute of Justice.Untested Evidence in Sexual Assault Cases.https://www.nij.gov/topics/law-enforcement/investigations/sexual-assault/Pages/untested-sexual-assault.aspx,2016-03-18/2018-12-22.
(11)The Rape,Abuse & Incest National Network.The Criminal Justice System:Statistics.https://www.rainn.org/statistics/criminal-justice-system,2018-12-11.
(12)Michelle J.Anderson.Campus Sexual Assault Adjudication and Resistance to Reform.Yale Law Journal,2016,125(7):1959-1961.
(13)Cohn,A.,Zinzow,H.,Resnick,H.,& Kilpatrick,D.Correlates of reasons for not reporting date rape to police:results from a national telephone household probability sample of women with forcible or drug-or-alcohol facilitated/incapacitated rape.J Interpersonal Violence,2016,28(3):455-473.
(14)Id.At 1959.
(15)Michelle J.Anderson.From Chastity Requirement to Sexuality License:Sexual Consent and a New Rape Shield Law.70 Geo.WASH.L.Rev,2002,51:66-67.
(16)Michelle J.Anderson.Campus Sexual Assault Adjudication and Resistance to Reform.Yale Law Journal,2016,125(7):1975.
(17)Id.At 1973-1975.
(18)42 U.S.C.§ 2000e to e-17 (2012).
(19)20 U.S.C.§ 1092(f).
(20)34 C.F.R.668.46.
(21)No person in the United States shall,on the basis of sex,be excluded from participation in,be denied the benefits of,or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving federal financial assistance.20 U.S.C.§ 1781-1688.
(22)949 F.Supp.1427 (N.D.Cal.1996).
(23)Katharine B Silbaugh.Reactive to Proactive:Title IX's Unrealized Capacity to Prevent Campus Sexual Assault.Boston University Law Review,2015,95(3):1049-1076.
(24)Eastern Michigan U.to Pay MYM350,000 Fine for Clery Act Violation.https://www.chronicle.com/article/Eastern-Michigan-U-to-Pay/41112,2008-07-06/2018-12-22.
(25)20 U.S.C.§ 1682.
(26)Office for Civil Rights,U.S.Dep’t of Educ.,Dear Colleague Letter 2 (2011).
(27)Tyler Kingkade.124 Colleges,40 School Districts Under Investigation For Handling Of Sexual Assaul.https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/schools-investigation-sexual-assault_us_55b19b43e4b0074ba5a40b77,2015-07-24/2018-12-22.
(28)该运动由奥巴马政府和白宫妇女和女童事务委员会(White House Council on Women and Girls)创立,旨在提升公众对打击校园性侵的认识,并呼吁公众不应当成为旁观者,而应当参与校园性侵问题的解决。
(29)Not Alone:First Report of the White House Task Force,April 2014.
(30)The Second Report of the White House Task Force to Protect Students from Sexual Assault,January 5,2017.
(31)United States Department of Justice.https://www.justice.gov/ovw/sexual-assault,2018-10-31/2018-12-22.
(32)根据加利福尼亚州陪审团指示,这种非法拘禁的方式不一定是物理上的,任何以言辞、行为威胁或不平等的权力等方式,违背他人意愿限制他人自由的行为或威胁都可视为非法拘禁。
(33)California Penal Code Section 243.4.
(34)California Senate Bill 967.
(35)Cal.Ed.Code,§ 67385-67386.
(36)Eliza Gray.This Is the New Frontier in the Fight Against Campus Rape.http://time.com/3910602/campus-rape-sexual-assault-california-law/,2015-06-05/2018-12-22.
(37)Michelle J.Anderson.Campus Sexual Assault Adjudication and Resistance to Reform.Yale Law Journal,2016,125(7):1981.
(38)Hobson,Charles J.,Guziewicz,Jennifer.Sexual Harassment Preventive/protective Practices at U.S.Colleges and Universities.College Student Affairs Journal.2002,21(2):17.
(39)Systemwide Title IX Office,University of California Office of the President.https://www.ucop.edu/title-ix/index.html,2018-12-22.
(40)Michelle J.Anderson.Campus Sexual Assault Adjudication and Resistance to Reform.Yale Law Journal,2016,125(7):1943.
(41)Aliza Lopes-Baker,Mathew McDonald.Canada and United States:Campus Sexual Assault Law & Policy Comparative Analysis.Can.-U.S.L.J.2017,41(1):156-161.
(42)Jed Rubenfeld.Mishandling Rape.https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/16/opinion/sunday/mishandling-rape.html,2014-11-05/2018-12-22.
(43)Id.
(44)Tyler Kingkade.Fewer Than One-Third of Campus Sexual Assault Cases Result In Expulsion.https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/09/29/campus-sexual-assault_n_5888742.html,2014-09-29/2018-12-22.
(45)American Association of University Professors.Campus Sexual Assault:Suggested Policies and Procedures.Academe,2013,99(4):92.
(46)U.S.Senate Subcommittee on Financial & Contracting Oversight.Sexual Violence on Campus.https://www.mccaskill.senate.gov/SurveyReportwithAppendix.pdf,2014-07-09/2018-12-22.
(47)Tara K.Streng,Akiko Kamimura.Sexual Assault Prevention and Reporting on College Campuses in the US:a Review of Policies and Recommendations.Journal of Education and Practice,2015,6(3):65-71.
(48)American Association of University Professors.Campus Sexual Assault:Suggested Policies and Procedures.Academe,2013,99(4):92.
(49)Rebecca McCray.Sexual Assault Survivors Are Asking:Campus or Courtroom.http://www.takepart.com/article/2015/12/14/sexual-assault-campus/,2015-12-14/2018-12-22.
基本信息:
中图分类号:D971.2;DD912.7
引用信息:
[1]胡裕岭.美国高校性侵防治校园裁判立法的经验与启示[J].青少年犯罪问题,2020,No.226(01):104-113.
基金信息:
2019年度上海学校共青团工作研究课题阶段性成果(项目号:2019ZHDN16)
2020-01-20
2020-01-20